WESTERN SĪRAH LITERATURE FROM INCEPTION TO CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

This study investigates the varied approaches of Western scholars and writers toward the life and character of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) under the title, " Western Sīrah Literature from its Inception to Contemporary Developments: A Historical Analysis". It addresses the deep-rooted stereotypes and polemical narratives in Western discourse, which often depicted the Prophet negatively, framing him as a figure of opposition and "the Other." These portrayals persisted from medieval times through the European Renaissance, as seen in works by figures like Dante, Chaucer, and Milton. The research highlights the shift in these perspectives over time. Early Western polemics against Islam and the Prophet influenced Islamic discourse significantly, but by the 18th and 19th centuries, voices like George Sale challenged these entrenched biases. Sale's translation of the Qurʾān marked a significant break from medieval depictions of the Prophet as the “anti-Christ” . In modern times, many Western academics have adopted more nuanced approaches, critiqued Orientalism and contributed to a better understanding of Islamic culture and history. This article emphasizes the work of contemporary non-Muslim scholars such as Karen Armstrong, John Esposito, and Martin Lings, whose independently researched portrayals aim to present a balanced view of the Prophet Muhammad.